hoton ƙwararre
Yi magana da Masanin Tafiya (Shiba)
Shirin Gudun tafiya

Namche Bazaar - Zuciyar Rayayyiyar Himalayas (Dalilin da Yasa Dare Ɗaya Bai Isa Ba)

Shin ka taɓa lura da yadda wasu wurare ke canza ka a hankali? Ba sa yi maka ihu ko gaggawa; kawai suna tare da kai tun bayan ka tafi. Namche Bazaar yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wurare. Yawancin masu tafiya suna zuwa nan a gajiye, cikin farin ciki, kuma ba sa numfashi kaɗan ba kawai saboda tsayin daka, har ma saboda a ƙarshe suna cikin yankin Everest. Mutane da yawa suna ganin Namche a matsayin wurin bincike kawai: ci, barci, daidaitawa, da ci gaba. Amma waɗanda suka zaɓi rage gudu sun fara fahimtar wani abu mai zurfi. Namche Bazaar ba kawai tasha ce a kan hanya ba; ruhin Himalayas ne. Idan Everest shine kambi, to Namche shine zuciyar da ke kiyaye ta.

Ina Namche Bazaar take kuma me yasa take da muhimmanci?

Namche Bazaar tana da nisan mita 3,440 , an sassaka ta a cikin tudu mai siffar takalmin dawaki inda gidaje masu launuka iri-iri ke manne da gangaren, tutocin addu'a suna rawa a cikin iskar dutse, kuma ƙololuwar da dusar ƙanƙara ta lulluɓe suna tashi a hankali daga nesa. A nan, al'adun Sherpa na dā sun haɗu ba tare da wata matsala ba tare da rayuwa a tsaunuka na zamani, za ku ga ayarin yak suna raba hanyoyi tare da masu tafiya a ƙasa, sufaye suna rera waƙa a hankali a gidajen ibada, gidajen shayi suna ba da espresso a tsawon ƙafa 11,000, da kuma mazauna yankin suna cinikin kaya kamar yadda kakanninsu suka yi ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata. Wannan jituwa ta musamman tana sa Namche ta ji kamar tana da rai—ba a daskare a kan lokaci ba, amma ta kafe sosai a cikin gadonta mai wadata na Himalayan.

Ƙofar Shiga ta Namche Bazaar tare da Stupa a bango

Dalilin da yasa Dare Ɗaya Bai Isa Ba a Namche Bazaar

Yawancin tafiye-tafiyen tafiya suna ba da damar dare ɗaya kawai a Namche Bazaar, amma iyakance zamanka zuwa dare ɗaya yana haifar da rashin adalci. Ba a yi nufin Namche ya zama mai gaggawa ba. Yana ba da ɗayan mafi kyawun yanayi na daidaitawa a yankin Everest, abubuwan al'adu masu wadata da zurfi na Sherpa, kyawawan ra'ayoyi inda Everest ya bayyana kansa a karon farko, da kuma damar shiga ƙauyuka ɓoyayyun 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan daga nan. 

Tafiyar Everest-Tushen-Zama-Tsakiya-Heli-koma-zuwa-KTM-
Tafiyar da aka Shawarta

Gidan Shayi Mai Kyau na Everest Base Camp Heli Tafiya ta dawowa

8 Days
|
Tafiya Matsakaici

Mafi mahimmanci, yana ba ku kyautar lokaci mai wuya—lokaci don jikinku ya daidaita da tsayin daka da kuma hankalinku ya rage gudu ya kuma sha yanayin tsaunuka. Don fahimtar Namche Bazaar da gaske, kuna buƙatar aƙalla kwanaki biyu cikakke a nan, kuma mafi kyau ma fiye da haka.

Sauƙin Shiga - Mai Kare Shiru na Tafiyarku

Kafin ka yi yawon shakatawa, ka yi siyayya, ko ka yi tafiya a cikin cafe, akwai wani abu mafi muhimmanci da ya kamata ka fahimta.

Menene Sauya Sauki?

Yayin da tsayin sama ke ƙaruwa, matakan iskar oxygen suna raguwa, kuma lokacin da ka isa Namche Bazaar, iskar ta riga ta ƙunshi ƙarancin iskar oxygen fiye da matakin teku. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa jikinka ke buƙatar lokaci don daidaitawa a hankali da kuma ta halitta don guje wa matsalolin da suka shafi tsayi. Ba tare da daidaitawa yadda ya kamata ba, masu tafiya a ƙasa na iya fuskantar ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, rashin ci, rashin barci, ko ma Ciwon Dutse Mai Tsayi (AMS). 

Haɓaka Haɓaka a cikin Namche 1

Ana ɗaukar Namche Bazaar a matsayin wuri mafi dacewa don daidaitawa saboda kuna isa gare shi a hankali daga Lukla, yana ba jikinku damar daidaitawa ba tare da girgiza ba. Yankin da ke kewaye yana ba da kyawawan tafiye-tafiye na yini waɗanda ke bin ƙa'idar "hawa sama, barci ƙasa," yayin da wuraren kiwon lafiya da ɗakunan kwana masu ɗumi da daɗi suna ba da aminci da hutawa idan ana buƙata. Kamar yadda jagorar Sherpa ta faɗa cikin hikima, "Dutsen ba ya motsawa. Me yasa ya kamata ku?"

Namche ita ce babban birnin al'adun mutanen Sherpa. Waɗannan ba wai kawai jagororin tsaunuka ba ne; su ne masu tsaron tsaunukan Himalayas.

Sherpa Culture Museum

Gidan Tarihi na Al'adu na Sherpa da ke Namche Bazaar yana ba da fahimtar mutanen da suka rayu a yankin Everest tsawon tsararraki, suna raba labarai da suka wuce abin da yawancin littattafan jagora za su iya ɗauka. A cikin gidan tarihi, baƙi suna koyo game da ƙaura ta tarihi ta Sherpas daga Tibet, imani mai zurfi na ruhaniya wanda ke ɗaukar tsaunuka a matsayin halittu masu tsarki maimakon cikas da za a shawo kansu, da kuma ayyukan noma na gargajiya waɗanda ke tallafawa rayuwa a tsaunuka masu tsayi. 

Nunin ya kuma nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Sherpas ke takawa a balaguron Everest, yana nuna ƙarfinsu, ƙwarewarsu, da juriyarsu wajen tallafawa masu hawa dutse daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Yayin da kuke tafiya a cikin gidan tarihi, wani babban fahimta ya bayyana - Dutsen Everest koyaushe mallakar Sherpas ne, tun kafin ya zama alamar kasada ta duniya.

Gidan Tarihi na Hillary - Gado na Ba da Gudummawa

Gidan Tarihi na Hillary da ke Namche Bazaar ya girmama Sir Edmund Hillary ba wai kawai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka hau Dutsen Everest ba, har ma a matsayin mutumin da ya girmama al'ummar Sherpa da ƙasar da suke kira gida. Gidan Tarihi yana nuna hotunan balaguro na farko da tarihin hawan dutse waɗanda ke nuna lokutan farko na binciken Himalayas, yana ba da haske game da ƙalubalen da masu hawa dutse da Sherpas ke fuskanta. 

Bayan nasarorin da suka samu, nunin ya nuna gudunmawar da Hillary ta bayar ga yankin, ciki har da makarantu, asibitoci, da gadoji da ya taimaka wajen kafawa don inganta rayuwar yankin. Ziyarar gidan tarihi tana barin wani abu mai ɗorewa - tana koyar da darasi mai ƙarfi game da tawali'u, tana tunatar da mu cewa nasara ta gaskiya ba a bayyana ta hanyar isa ga matsayi ba, amma ta hanyar yadda muke ba wa mutanen da suka taimaka mana mu isa can.

Mutum-mutumin Edmund Hillary daga Gidan Tarihi na Hillary

Tafiye-tafiyen Sauya Al'adu Da Suka Zama Tunawa Na Rayuwa

Tafiya zuwa otal ɗin Everest View

Tafiya zuwa Otal ɗin Everest View ba wai kawai tafiya ba ce—lokaci ne da ke tare da ku. Daga barandar otal ɗin mai nisan mita 3,880 , ra'ayoyi masu faɗi suna buɗewa don bayyana Dutsen Everest tare da Ama Dablam, Lhotse, da Nuptse suna tsaye a sararin sama a hankali. Ga masu tafiya da yawa, wannan shine karo na farko da suka ga Everest—ba daga saman ko jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ba, amma a hankali, suna riƙe da shayi mai ɗumi suna shan faɗin tsaunukan Himalayas. Wannan ƙwarewa ce mai sauƙi, mai natsuwa, amma mai zurfi da motsin rai, tana nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin matafiyi da duwatsu.

Tafiya ta Everest a cikin yanayin panorama
Tafiyar da aka Shawarta

Everest Panorama Trek

10 Days
|
Tafiya Matsakaici

Ga waɗanda ke son isa Otal ɗin Everest View kuma ba sa son isa sansanin Everest Base, muna da fakiti na musamman na Everest Panaroma Trek.

Otal ɗin Everest View - Tafiya Mai Sauƙi Daga Namche Bazaar

Makarantar Kauyen Khumjung da Hillary

Bayan Otal ɗin Everest View akwai ƙauyen Khumjung , wani wuri mai natsuwa da kuma al'adar Sherpa inda lokaci ke tafiya a hankali. Kuna tafiya a cikin ƙauyen, kuna wucewa gidaje na dutse masu tagogi na katako masu kyau, filayen kiwo masu faɗi, yara sanye da kayan makaranta suna zuwa aji, da kuma tutocin addu'o'i masu launuka iri-iri suna shawagi a hankali a cikin iskar tsaunuka. A tsakiyar ƙauyen akwai Makarantar Hillary , wata alama ce mai ɗorewa ta jajircewar Sir Edmund Hillary ga ilimi da ci gaban al'umma a yankin. Rayuwa a Khumjung tana jin gaskiya, natsuwa, da ma'ana, tana ba da haske mai natsuwa game da rayuwar yau da kullun ta Himalayas wadda al'ada da juriya suka tsara.

Gidan Sufaye na Khumjung da Tatsuniyar Yeti

Gidan ibada na Khumjung yana da ɗaya daga cikin sirrin Himalayas mafi ban sha'awa—wani abin tarihi da mazauna yankin suka yi imanin cewa shi ne fatar kan Yeti . Ko gaskiya ne ko kuma tushen tatsuniya, an bar shi a buɗe don fassara, amma sufaye ba sa muhawara kan sahihancinsa. Madadin haka, suna kare shi a hankali, suna kula da shi da girmamawa da girmamawa. A cikin Himalayas, ba komai yana buƙatar bayanin kimiyya don riƙe ma'ana ba; wasu labarai ana adana su ba don hujja ba, amma don darajar al'adu da ruhaniya da suke ɗauke da su.

Yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyen Thame - The Ɓoyayyen Sherpa Heartland

Idan lokaci ya ba da dama, yin tattaki zuwa ƙauyen Thame yana ba da tafiya mai zurfi zuwa cikin ɓoyayyen tsakiyar al'adun Sherpa. Thame, wanda aka sani da wurin haihuwar shahararrun masu hawan dutse kamar Apa Sherpa , yana jin shiru kuma ba a taɓa shi ba fiye da Namche Bazaar. Ƙauyen yana ɗauke da yanayi mai kyau, na ruhaniya inda rayuwa ta yau da kullun ke siffanta ta hanyar ladabi, juriya, da kuma alaƙa mai zurfi da yanayi. Tafiya ta cikin Thame, za ka fara fahimtar ainihin abin da rayuwa a cikin tsaunuka ke nufi ba kawai tsira daga tsaunuka ba, har ma da rayuwa cikin jituwa da ita.

Abinci, Shayi & Waraka a Babban Tsayi

Kwarewar Shayin Sherpa da Tibet

Abu ɗaya da za ka fahimta cikin sauri a Namche Bazaar shine cewa abinci a nan ba wai kawai game da cin abinci ba ne, har ma game da kasancewa da ɗumi, kasancewa da ƙarfi, da kuma raba lokaci tare da mutane. Bayan tafiya mai nisa a cikin iska mai sanyi ta tsaunuka, zama tare da mutanen gari kuma a ba su kofi na shayin man shanu yana da ban mamaki. Yana da ɗumi, ɗan gishiri, kuma abin mamaki yana kwantar da hankali, wanda aka yi don taimakawa jikinka ya jure sanyi da tsayi. Kuma da zarar ka fara cin abincin gida, za ka fahimci dalilin da ya sa yake haka tsawon tsararraki.

Abincin da ake ci kamar stew na Sherpa, yak sukuti, tsampa, cukuwar yak mai daɗi, da chang ba su da daɗi, amma suna da daɗi, gaskiya, kuma cike da halaye. A Namche, abinci ba ya kama da zaɓin menu ba, sai dai kamar labarin da ake rabawa—mai sauƙi, mai gina jiki, kuma mai zurfi a cikin rayuwar tsaunuka.

Tausa ta Ayurvedic da Ganye

Tausa ta Ayurvedic da ganye a Namche Bazaar wani abu ne da zan ba da shawarar ga duk wanda ke tafiya a yankin Everest. Bayan shafe sa'o'i da yawa yana tafiya a kan tudu da ƙasa da jakar baya, ƙafafu, kafadu, da ƙananan bayanka sun fara jin rauni, kuma wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin da za a sake daidaita jikinka. 

Tausa yana da laushi amma yana da tasiri, yana taimakawa wajen sassauta tsokoki masu tauri, inganta zagayawar jini, da kuma rage nauyin da ke tattare da tsayi mai tsayi. Abin da na samu musamman taimako shine yadda yake sa ka ji daɗi bayan haka - kana barci sosai, ka farka da kyau, kuma ka ji daɗi yayin da jikinka ke daidaitawa da iska mai laushi. A kan tsaunuka, murmurewa yana da mahimmanci kamar tafiya, kuma ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya don tausa na iya sa tafiyar washegari ta zama mai sauƙi.

Mafi kyawun Otal-otal da Mazaunin a Namche Bazaar

Kullum ina mamakin yadda mutanen da ke Namche Bazaar ke samun damar yin murmushi da dumi, komai sanyin da yake a waje. Zama a gidajen kwanan nan ba ya kama da yin rajistar ɗaki ba, kamar maraba da kai zuwa gidan wani. Bayan dogon yini a kan hanya, kana tafiya cikin gajiya da sanyi, kuma dumin da kake ji ba wai kawai daga na'urar dumama ba ne, amma daga mutane ne. 

A wurare kamar Yeti Mountain Home, Hotel Terace, Himalayan Cultural Home, Alpine Lodge, Sherpa Shangrila, Khumbu Lodge, Panorama Lodge, Everest Namche Lodge, Kala Patthar Lodge, Body Hotel Namche, Hotel Himalayan, da Namche Hotel & Lodge, ma'aikatan suna yi maka kallon iyali. Suna tambayarka yadda tafiyarka ta kasance, suna duba ko kana jin daɗin tsayin, kuma suna tabbatar da cewa kana cin abinci mai kyau. Da yamma, zaune a kusa da wuta, suna ba da labarai, da kuma kulawa da kai, wanda hakan ke sa ka manta da sanyin da ke waje. A nan, irin wannan karimci yana tare da kai—da gaske yana jin kamar gida a tsakiyar Himalayas.

Mafi kyawun Gidajen Abinci don Abincin Yamma da na Gida

Abincin da ke Namche Bazaar yana da ɗanɗano kamar aljanna, kuma ina da yakinin hakan ya faru ne saboda ba a shigo da shi daga wani wuri mai nisa ba—ana noma shi kuma ana shirya shi a can a tsaunuka. Komai yana da daɗi, mai sauƙi, kuma na gaske, kuma bayan doguwar kwanaki na tafiya, jikinka yana jin daɗin irin wannan abincin. 

Za ku ga kuna jin daɗin abinci a wurare kamar Everest Bakery, Sherpa Barista, Namche Café, Tibetan Kitchen, da Highland Restaurant , inda ko da abincin da ya fi sauƙi yana jin daɗi. Zama a ciki da farantin abinci mai ɗumi ko kofi mai zafi, kallon gajimare yana motsawa a kan duwatsu, wani abu ne na musamman. A nan, abinci ba wai kawai game da cin abinci ba ne har sai kun ƙoshi - yana jin tsabta, sauƙi, kuma yana gamsarwa sosai. Kuma gaskiya, kofi yana da ɗanɗano mafi kyau lokacin da Everest yake a gabanka.

Yadda Ake Zuwa Namche Bazaar

Ana iya isa Namche Bazaar ta hanyoyi da dama, kowannensu yana ba da wata ƙwarewa ta musamman ta tafiye-tafiye. Matafiya za su iya zaɓar jirgin sama mai kyau na helikwafta don jin daɗi da inganci, ko kuma su ɗauki jirgin sama na cikin gida daga Kathmandu zuwa Lukla, sannan su yi tafiya ta ƙauyukan gargajiya na Sherpa. A lokacin lokutan tafiya mafi tsayi, jiragen sama suna aiki daga Ramechhap zuwa Lukla.

Lukla Airport

Ga waɗanda ke neman hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zuwa Surkhe, yana yiwuwa su yi tafiya ta jeep zuwa Surkhe su ci gaba da tafiya da ƙafa na tsawon kwana biyu zuwa uku. A wasu sassan, har yanzu ana amfani da dawakai don sufuri, wanda ke nuna salon rayuwar gargajiya na yankin. Ko da kuwa hanyar da aka zaɓa, shirya tafiyarku tare da amintaccen ma'aikacin gida kamar Life Himalaya Trekking yana tabbatar da tsare-tsare na ƙwararru, aminci, da kuma ƙwarewar tafiya mai kyau.

Wane Kayan Aiki Kake Bukata Don Namche Bazaar?

Ziyarar Namche Bazaar ba ta buƙatar kayan hawa na fasaha, amma samun kayan da suka dace yana da babban bambanci a cikin jin daɗi da aminci a manyan tsaunuka. Yanayi na iya canzawa da sauri, safe da yamma suna da sanyi, kuma rana na iya zama da ƙarfi sosai a rana. Tare da wasu abubuwa da aka zaɓa da kyau, za ku iya tafiya cikin kwanciyar hankali a kan hanyoyin kuma ku ji daɗin ƙwarewar ba tare da damuwa ba.

Kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don Namche Bazaar:

  • Jaket na ƙasa - Yana sanya ka dumi, musamman da safe da dare
  • Takalmi masu ƙarfi - Yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin da ba su da kyau da kuma duwatsu
  • Gilashin tabarau & kayan kariya na rana – Yana kare shi daga hasken rana mai ƙarfi a tsaunuka
  • Safofin hannu da beanie - Ƙarin ɗumi idan yanayin zafi ya faɗi
  • Abincin rana - Yana da amfani don ɗaukar ruwa, abubuwan ciye-ciye, kyamara, da yadudduka
  • Sandunan tafiya - Yana taimakawa rage matsin lamba a kan gwiwoyi yayin hawa da sauka

Da wannan tsari mai sauƙi, kun shirya sosai don jin daɗin Namche Bazaar ba tare da damuwa da kayan aiki ba. Duk da haka, idan kuna ziyartar Namche Bazaar a kan tafiya zuwa yankin Everest mafi girma tare da Life Himalaya Trekking, to muna ba da shawarar ku duba jerin kayan aikinmu masu yawa.

Mafi kyawun lokacin Ziyartar Namche Bazaar

Yawancin wurare a cikin Himalayas galibi ana kwatanta su ta hanyoyi masu tsauri—bazara tana da launuka masu kyau, kaka tana ba da mafi kyawun ra'ayoyi, hunturu yana da sanyi amma yana da kwanciyar hankali, kuma damina tana da kore da shiru—amma a zahiri, ya dogara da abin da kuka fi so da kuma irin gogewar da kuke nema. Kowace kakar tana kawo wani ɓangare na Namche Bazaar daban.

Lokacin bazara yana cike hanyoyin da rhododendrons masu fure da kuzari mai rai, yayin da kaka ke kawo sararin samaniya mai haske da kuma kyawawan ra'ayoyin tsaunuka waɗanda masu tafiya da yawa ke mafarkin gani. Lokacin sanyi yana nuna gefen Namche mai natsuwa da kusanci, tare da ƙarancin mutane da kuma yanayin ƙauye mai natsuwa, kodayake yana zuwa da yanayin sanyi.

Ruwan sama yana mayar da yankin zuwa wani wuri mai kyau na kore, yana ba da kaɗaici da kyau, amma kuma yana buƙatar haƙuri saboda ruwan sama da kuma jinkirin tashi. Duk da haka, abin da muke ba da shawara akai-akai shine ziyartar lokacin bazara (Maris zuwa Mayu) ko kaka (Satumba zuwa Nuwamba) , domin waɗannan yanayi suna ba da daidaito mafi kyau na yanayi, gani, da jin daɗi gaba ɗaya.

Kwanaki 7-Tushen Everest-Sansanda-Helikofta-Tafiya-1
Tafiyar da aka Shawarta

Gudun Kwanaki 7 Gajeren Dutsen Everest

7 Days
|
Tafiya Matsakaici

A cikin waɗannan watanni, za ku iya jin daɗin yanayin ƙasa, al'adu, da rayuwar yau da kullun ta Namche Bazaar ba tare da ƙalubale da yawa ba, wanda hakan zai sa tafiyar ta kasance mai sauƙi da daɗi ga yawancin matafiya.

Neman Jagorar Yanki?

Rayuwar Himalaya Tafiya a Himalaya ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki a wannan fanni , kuma wannan gogewar ta nuna da gaske. Mun shafe shekaru muna jagorantar mutane ta yankin Everest, kuma muna son abin da muke yi. Muna aiki tare da jagororin Sherpa na gida sama da 20 waɗanda suka girma a waɗannan tsaunuka kuma sun san kowace hanya, ƙauye, da ra'ayi kamar gida. Idan tafiya ce ta ƙauyukan Sherpa, zuwa sansanin Everest Base, ko zaɓar dawowar helikwafta don jin daɗi, Life Himalayas Tafiya tana kula da komai don haka kawai za ku iya jin daɗin tafiyar. A gare mu, ba game da gaggawa ko duba akwatuna ba ne - yana game da yin abubuwa ta hanya madaidaiciya, kiyaye ku lafiya, da kuma tabbatar da cewa kun bar Himalayas tare da abubuwan tunawa da za ku ci gaba da ɗauka.

Mafi kyawun Wurare a Namche don Reels & Daukar Hoto

Wasu wurare da ke kewaye da Namche Bazaar suna da kyau sosai idan ana maganar ɗaukar hotuna ko yin reel na Instagram. Ba kwa buƙatar yin shiri sosai a nan - kowace juyawa tana ba ku sabon kusurwa, sabon kallo, ko lokacin shiru wanda ya cancanci ɗaukar hoto. Ga jerin wuraren da bai kamata ku rasa ba.

  • Namche ra'ayi
  • Filin Otal na Everest View
  • Hanyoyin Khumjung
  • Ra'ayoyin helikofta

Ya dace da reels, vlogs, da kuma bayar da labarai na sinima.

Final Zamantakewa

Namche Bazaar ba ta ƙoƙarin burge mutane da ƙarfi ba; maimakon haka, tana koyarwa a hankali. Tana koyar da haƙuri, girmamawa, da tawali'u—ƙa'idodi da duwatsu suka ɗauka tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Idan Everest shine mafarkinka, to Namche shine inda wannan mafarkin yake koyon numfashi, rage gudu, da kuma gano yanayinsa. Don haka idan wani ya tambaya, "Shin dare ɗaya ya isa a Namche Bazaar?" kawai ka yi murmushi ka amsa da ƙarfin hali: "Ba ma kusa ba."

 

Shirya Na gaba
Tafiya zuwa Himalayas!

Muna tsara tafiye-tafiye na hutu na musamman da sassauƙa bisa ga tsawon lokacin hutunku, ƙarin buƙatu, da buƙatunku.

Shirya Tafiye-tafiyenka
plan-i
Cikakken Bayani

Tattaunawa tare da Mai tsara Balaguro namu Shiba

Kuna buƙatar taimako? Wakilin gwaninmu yana nan don taimakawa! Da fatan za a cika fom ɗin da ke ƙasa don fara tattaunawa kuma a warware tambayoyinku cikin sauri.

Da fatan za a kunna JavaScript a cikin burauzar ku don cika wannan fom.